14 严峻的考验

, The House of the Dead, pp. 84–5; Vlas M. Doroshevich, Sakhalin, 2 parts (Moscow, 1903), part 1, p. 340; Gentes, ‘“Beat the Devil!” ’, pp. 213–14.

43Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga, p. 39; Mel’shin [Iakubovich], V mire otverzhennykh, p. 34.

44Dostoevsky, The House of the Dead, p. 110.

45Kennan, Siberia and the Exile System, vol. 1, p. 391.

46Seroshevskii, ‘Ssylka i katorga v Sibiri’, in Mel’nik (ed.), Sibir’, p. 219; Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina, pp. 152–3; Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga, p. 36.

47Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga, p. 38.

48Kennan, Siberia and the Exile System, vol. 1, p. 391; Belokonskii, Po tiur’mam i etapam, p. 155; Doroshevich, Sakhalin, part 1, pp. 271–2.

49Frank, Crime, Cultural Conflict; Figes, A People’s Tragedy, pp. 95–8.

50Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina, pp. 93–4.

51Ibid., p. 149.

52Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga, p. 36.

53‘Ocherki nevol’nogo turista’, 1895, no. 1, p. 131; Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga, p. 43.

54Belokonskii, Po tiur’mam i etapam, p. 35.

55‘Arestanty’, p. 138.

56Dostoevsky, The House of the Dead, p. 354.

57Ruttenburg, Dostoevsky’s Democracy, pp. 185–95; Joseph Frank, Dostoevsky: The Miraculous Years, 1865–1871 (Princeton, 1995); idem, Dostoevsky: The Mantle of the Prophet, 1871–1881 (Princeton, 2002); Anna Schur, Wages of Evil: Dostoevsky and Punishment (Evanston, IL, 2012).

58Orlando Figes, Natasha’s Dance: A Cultural History of Russia (London, 2002), chs. 4, 6; Andrzej Walicki, A History of Russian Thought: From the Enlightenment to Marxism, trans. Hilda Andrews-Rusiecka (Stanford, 1979), chs. 6–12; Martin Malia, Alexander Herzen and the Birth of Russian Socialism, 1812–1855 (London, 1961); Franco Venturi, Roots of Revolution: A History of the Populist and Socialist Movements in Nineteenth-Century Russia, trans. Francis Haskell (London, 1972); Tibor Szamuely, The Russian Tradition (New York, 1974); Isaiah Berlin, Russian Thinkers (London, 2008); Laura Engelstein, Slavophile Empire: Imperial Russia’s Illiberal Path (Ithaca, 2009), ch. 4.

59Dostoevsky, A Writer’s Diary, p. 349 [translation modified].

60Dostoevskii, ‘Pis’ma’, pp. 172–3.

61Ibid., p. 169; Dostoevsky, The House of the Dead, pp. 35–6.

62A. I. Gertsen, ‘Le peuple et le socialisme’, in idem, Sobranie sochinenii, 30 vols. (Moscow, 1954–65), vol. 7, pp. 271–306.

63Dostoevskii, ‘Pis’ma’, pp. 169–70.

64Ibid., p. 172.

65Fyodor Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment, trans. David McDuff (London, 2003), pp. 647–56.

66Fyodor Dostoevsky, The Brothers Karamazov, trans. David McDuff (London, 2003), p. 756.

67Aileen Kelly, ‘Dostoevsky and the Divided Conscience’, in idem, Toward Another Shore: Russian Thinkers Between Necessity and Chance (New Haven, 1998), pp. 55–79.

68Dostoevsky, A Writer’s Diary, p