14 严峻的考验

evol’nogo turista’, 1895, no. 3, p. 57.

25Stephen P. Frank, Crime, Cultural Conflict and Justice in Rural Russia, 1856–1917 (Berkeley, 1999); Christine Worobec, Possessed: Women, Witches, and Demons in Imperial Russia (DeKalb, IL, 2001); Christine Worobec, ‘Horse Thieves and Peasant Justice in Post-Emancipation Imperial Russia’, Journal of Social History, vol. 21, no. 2 (Winter 1987), pp. 281–93; Orlando Figes, A People’s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891–1924 (London, 1996), pp. 87–9; Richard S. Wortman, The Development of a Russian Legal Consciousness (Chicago, 1976); Daniel Beer, Renovating Russia: The Human Sciences and the Fate of Liberal Modernity, 1880–1930 (Ithaca, 2008), pp. 19–21.

26I. V. Efimov, Iz zhizni katorzhnykh Ilginskogo i Aleksandrovskogo togda kazennykh, vinokurennykh zavodov, 1848–1853 gg. (St. Petersburg, 1899), p. 17; Dostoevsky, The House of the Dead, p. 231; Mel’shin [Iakubovich], V mire otverzhennykh, p. 161.

27Mel’shin [Iakubovich], V mire otverzhennykh, p. 60.

28Dostoevsky, The House of the Dead, pp. 72–3.

29‘Arestanty v Sibiri’, Sovremennik, 1863, no. 11, p. 162.

30E……v, ‘Ocherki, rasskazy i vospominaniia: ssyl’no-katorzhnye v Okhotskom solevarennom zavode’, Russkaia starina, vol. 22, 1878, pp. 306–7.

31Efimov, Iz zhizni katorzhnykh, pp. 31–2; GAIO, f. 24, op. 2, k. 2619, d. 233 (1884), ll. 62–3.

32Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga, pp. 44–5; Dostoevsky, The House of the Dead, pp. 86, 94.

33Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina, pp. 64–5, 472–5; V. Moskvich, ‘Pogibshie i pogibaiushchie. Otbrosy Rossii na sibirskoi pochve’, Russkoe bogatstvo, 1895, no. 7, pp. 65–6.

34Dostoevsky, The House of the Dead, pp. 108–9.

35Andrew A. Gentes, ‘“Beat the Devil!”: Prison Society and Anarchy in Tsarist Siberia’, Ab Imperio, 2009, no. 2, p. 209; Tokarzhevskii, ‘Sem’ let katorgi’, p. 180.

36Dostoevsky, The House of the Dead, p. 66; Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga, pp. 12, 43; Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina, pp. 59–61, 92; Moskvich, ‘Pogibshie i pogibaiushchie’, pp. 69–71.

37Tokarzhevskii, ‘Sem’ let katorgi’, p. 179; ‘Arestanty’, pp. 136–7; Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina, pp. 60–61.

38Kennan, Siberia and the Exile System, vol. 1, p. 364; Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga, pp. 40–41; Gentes, ‘“Beat the Devil!” ’, p. 214.

39Dostoevsky, The House of the Dead, p. 84; Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga, p. 41.

40Vasilii Vlasov, Kratkii ocherk neustroistv sushchestvuiushchikh na katorge (St. Petersburg, 1873), p. 4.

41Charles Henry Hawes, The Uttermost East; Being an Account of Investigations Among the Natives and Russian Convicts of the Island of Sakhalin, with Notes of Travel in Korea, Siberia, and Manchuria (London, 1904), p. 150.

42I. P. Belokonskii, Po tiur’mam i etapam: Ocherki tiuremnoi zhizni i putevye zametki ot Moskvy do Krasnoiarska (Oryol, 1887), p. 157; Dostoevsky