14 严峻的考验

estvennoe dvizhenie v Rossii v nachale XX veka, 4 vols. (St. Petersburg, 1909–14), vol. 2, part 1, pp. 166–74; Ascher, The Revolution of 1905, pp. 291–2.

29Jonathan W. Daly, ‘On the Significance of Emergency Legislation in Late Imperial Russia’, Slavic Review, vol. 54, no. 3 (Autumn 1995), pp. 622–5; E. Nikitina, ‘Matrosy-revoliutsionery na katorge’, Tsarskii flot pod krasnym flagom (Moscow, 1931), p. 186; A. P. Mikheev, ‘Voennosluzhashchie v sostave uznikov tobol’skoi katorgi’, Vestnik Omskogo Gosurdarstvennogo Universiteta, 2006, p. 1; William C. Fuller Jr, Civil–Military Conflict in Imperial Russia, 1881–1914 (Princeton, 1985), p. 171; M. P. Chubinskii, ‘Smertnaia kazn’ i voennye sudy’, in M. N. Gernet, O. B. Gol’dovskii and I. N. Sakharov (eds.), Protiv smertnoi kazni, 2nd edn (Moscow, 1907), p. 112.

30Stephen G. Wheatcroft, ‘The Crisis of the Late Tsarist Penal System’, in idem (ed.), Challenging Traditional Views of Russian History (Basingstoke, 2002), pp. 46–8; Daly, ‘Political Crime’, pp. 84–6; Ia. Sverdlov, ‘Massovaia ssylka’ (1916), in idem, Izbrannye proizvedeniia, 3 vols. (Moscow, 1957–60), vol. 1, pp. 66–7.

31E. Nikitina, ‘Tornaia doroga (tiur’ma i katorga 1905–1913 godov)’, in V. Vilenskii (ed.), Deviatyi val: k desiatiletiiu osvobozhdeniia iz tsarskoi katorgi i ssylki (Moscow, 1927), p. 38; GAIO, f. 25, op. 6, k. 502, d. 2960 (1906), ll. 5 ob–6 ob; V. Miakotin, ‘O sovremennoi tiur’me i ssylke’, Russkoe bogatstvo, 1910, no. 9, part 2, p. 129; GAIO, f. 226, op. 1, d. 279 (1915), ll. 5, 8, 39; A. P. Mikheev, Tobol’skaia katorga (Omsk, 2007), p. 80.

32Ascher, The Revolution of 1905, pp. 247–8; S. Kallistov, ‘Iz zhizni tobol’skoi katorgi (Vospominaniia 1908–1910 gg.)’, Katorga i ssylka, 1923, no. 6, p. 230; A. Fomin, ‘Nerchinskaia katorga poslednikh desiatiletii (1888–1917 gg.)’, in A. Dikovskaia-Iakimova (ed.), Kara i drugie tiur’my Nerchinskoi katorgi (Moscow, 1927), p. 25; Mikheev, Tobol’skaia katorga, pp. 88, 92, 162.

33GAIO, f. 25, op. 6, k. 502, d. 2962 (1906), ll. 1–2.

34Mikheev, Tobol’skaia katorga, p. 163.

35GAIO, f. 25, op. 6, k. 501, d. 2950 (1906), ll. 3–4.

36Fomin, ‘Nerchinskaia katorga’, pp. 25–6; Miakotin, ‘O sovremennoi tiur’me i ssylke’, pp. 128–9; ‘Khronika’, Sibirskie voprosy, 1909, no. 19, p. 33.

37James H. Billington, Fire in the Minds of Men: Origins of the Revolutionary Faith (New York, 1980), ch. 14; GAIO, f. 25, op. 6, k. 502, d. 2960 (1906), l. 17; M. K., ‘Politicheskaia katorga’, Sibirskie voprosy, 1912, no. 26, pp. 14–15; Mikheev, Tobol’skaia katorga, pp. 94, 96–7.

38GARF, f. 100, o. 0., d. 100, t. 3 (1907), ll. 301–301 ob.

39Mikheev, Tobol’skaia katorga, p. 122; ‘Bunt v tobol’skoi katorzhnoi tiur’me’, Katorga i ssylka, 1923, no. 6, pp. 199–203.

40GAIO, f. 226, op. 2, d. 108 (1912), ll. 5, 11, 15–15 ob.

41Daly 确信“肉刑几乎从没有用到政治犯身上”，但这些关于鞭打西伯利亚政治犯的例子与 Daly 的确信相左。Daly, ‘Pol