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第2章 从掠夺到定居

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26‘Two Viking Hoards from the Former Island of Wieringen(The Netherlands): Viking Relations with Frisia in an Archaeological Perspective’ by Jan Bestemanin in Land, Sea and Home – Proceedings of a Conference on Viking-period settlement at Cardiff, July 2001 (edited by John Hines, Alan Lane & Mark Redknap, Leeds 2004), pp. 93–108.

27‘Frisia in Carolingian Times’ by Egge Knol in Viking Trade and Settlement in Continental Europe (edited by Iben Skibsted Klaesø, Copenhagen 2010), pp. 43–60.

28有关弗里西亚人可能参与865年的“维京大军”(并攻击约克)的讨论,见 Shane McCleod, The Beginning of Scandinavian Settlement in England: The Viking Great Army and Early Settlers, c. 865–900 (Turnhout 2013)。

29确切位置未知,或在萨里郡某处。

30事实上这支部队可以分为几支部队,其中有一支还对威塞克斯发动了大规模入侵,本身就是对“大军”只有几百人的说法的质疑。

31‘Kings and kingship in Viking Northumbria’ by Rory McTurk, Thirteenth International Saga Conference(Durham & York 2006).

32有说法认为伊瓦尔兄弟是拉格纳·洛德布罗克的儿子,这个说法出现的时代较晚,源自13—14世纪完成的《冰岛人萨迦》,特别是《拉格纳萨迦》。一些人认为拉格纳在845年已经因痢疾去世,拉格纳·洛德布罗克则是一个传说色彩大于真实存在的人物。‘Ragnarr Loðrok in the Irish Annals?’ by Rory McTurk in Proceedings of the Seventh Viking Congress (Dublin 15–21 August 1973),(edited by Bo Almqvist and David Greene, Dublin 1976), pp. 93–124.

33See David Rollason, Northumbria 500–1100, Creation and Destruction of a Kingdom (Cambridge 2003), pp. 212–213.

34奉献给奥丁的仪式,将受刑者的肺从肋骨之中挖出,成为血腥的“鹰翼”。有关这一仪式的可信性,见第1章。

35866年之后,约克政权的确切情况在一段时间里不太明晰,872年维京人把埃格伯特赶出了约克,但有可能他们此前曾立他为傀儡国王。

36Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in English Historical Documents, vol. 1: c.500–1042, ed. Dorothy Whitelock(London 1979), p. 192.

37弗勒里的阿博(Abbo of Fleury)在10世纪80年代中期所写。

38奥拉夫似乎在次年返回了大不列颠岛北部,或许在874年死去,或死于在皮克兰的一场战斗中。Clare Downham, Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland (Edinburgh 2007), p. 142.

39Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in English Historical Documents. Vol. 1 (London 1979).

40可能是威尔顿以北20英里处的马滕。Timothy Reuter(ed.), Alfred the Great (London 2003), p. 127.

41See Asser’s Life of Alfred, translated by J.A. Giles in Six Old English Chronicles (London 1848), p. 56.

42伯雷德此前因为允许修女成婚而被教皇约翰八世斥责,此时似乎在罗马得到了礼遇,并得以在此安度晚年。他埋葬在罗马的萨克西亚的圣玛利亚教堂,那里也成了小规模的盎格鲁-撒克逊人聚居区的核心,他的妻子艾特尔斯维斯(Aethelswith)则在888年于帕维亚去世,或许她本打算返回英格兰。

43See‘Repton and the“great heathen army”, 873–74’ by Martin Biddle and Birthe Kjøbe-Biddle in Vikings and the Danelaw – Select Papers from the Proceedings of the Thirteenth Viking Congress, Nottingham and York, 21–30 August 1997 (edited by James Graham-Campbell, Richard Hall, Judith Jesch & David N. Parsons, Oxford 2001), pp. 45–96; and Richard Hall, Exploring the World of the Vikings (London 2007), pp. 83–85.

44Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 876 in English Historical Decouments, Vol. 1,(London 1979).

45See Reuter, Alfred the Great, p. 155;Downham, Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland, p. 71.

46见本章下文。

47Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in English Historical Documents, vol. 1,(L

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