14 严峻的考验

the Land of Darkness: The Fur Trade and Its Significance for Medieval Russia (Cambridge, 1986); Christoph Witzenrath, Cossacks and the Russian Empire, 1598–1725: Manipulation, Rebellion and Expansion into Siberia (London, 2007), pp. 62–70; ch. 4.

8A. P. Shchapov, ‘Sibirskoe obshchestvo do Speranskogo’, Sochineniia, 4 vols. (St. Petersburg, 1906–8), vol. 3, p. 673; Lantzeff, Siberia in the Seventeenth Century, ch. 5; Lincoln, The Conquest of a Continent, pp. 83–4; Gentes, Exile to Siberia, pp. 29–31, 82–4, 135, 142–5; Richard Pipes, Russia Under the Old Regime, 2nd edn (London, 1995), p. 282; Witzenrath, Cossacks and the Russian Empire, chs. 1, 4.

9I. V. Shcheglov, Khronologicheskii perechen’ vazhneishikh dannykh iz istorii Sibiri: 1032–1882 gg. (Irkutsk, 1883), pp. 44–5; Lincoln, The Conquest of a Continent, pp. 59–63; Witzenrath, Cossacks and the Russian Empire, p. 18.

10V. A. Aleksandrov, Rossiia na dal’nevostochnykh rubezhakh (vtoraia polovina XVII v.) (Khabarovsk, 1984), pp. 37–8; Forsyth, A History of the Peoples of Siberia, p. 45; Gentes, Exile to Siberia, p. 17.

11Forsyth, A History of the Peoples of Siberia, pp. 67–9; Lincoln, The Conquest of a Continent, p. 88; Witzenrath, Cossacks and the Russian Empire, p. 69.

12N. M. Iadrintsev, Sibir’ kak koloniia v geograficheskom, etnograficheskom i istoricheskom otnoshenii (St. Petersburg, 1882), p. 165.

13Cited in A. A. Alekseev, ‘Istoriia slova grazhdanin v XVIII v.’, Izvestiia Akademii Nauk SSSR, vol. 31, no. 1 (1972), p. 68; Bassin, ‘Expansion and Colonialism’, pp. 3–21.

14William Coxe, Travels into Poland, Russia, Sweden and Denmark, 4th edn, 5 vols. (London, 1792), vol. 3, pp. 120–22. 在18世纪末，除了考克斯，还有其他外国人也带着好奇和畏惧的心情看到了鞭刑、残害和打烙印。See the memoirs of the Japanese captain Katsuragav Khosiu, Kratkie vesti o skitaniiakh v severnykh vodakh, trans. V. M. Konstantinov (Moscow, 1978), pp. 187–8.

15E. Anisimov, Dyba i knut: politicheskii sysk i russkoe obshchestvo v XVIII veke (Moscow, 1999), pp. 498–500; Cyril Bryner, ‘The Issue of Capital Punishment in the Reign of Elizabeth Petrovna’, The Russian Review, vol. 49, no. 4 (October 1990), pp. 389–416; John P. LeDonne, Absolutism and Ruling Class: The Formation of the Russian Political Order, 1700–1825 (Oxford, 1991), pp. 216–17; Alan Wood, ‘Siberian Exile in the Eighteenth Century’, Sibirica, vol. 1, no. 1 (Summer 1990), pp. 45–6.

16Abby Schrader, Languages of the Lash: Corporal Punishment and Identity in Imperial Russia (DeKalb, IL, 2002), ch. 1.

17Coxe, Travels into Poland, pp. 129–30.

18P. A. Slovtsov, Istoricheskoe obozrenie Sibiri. Stikhotvoreniia. Propovedi, ed. V. A. Kreshchik (Novosibirsk, 1995), p. 149.

19N. D. Sergeevskii, O ssylke v drevnei Rossii (St. Petersburg, 1887), p. 15; Gentes, Exile to Siberia, ch. 3; Anisimov, Dyba i knut, pp. 503–10; idem, The Reforms of Peter the Great: Progress Through Coercion in Rus