14 严峻的考验

sia, trans. John T. Alexander (Armonk, NY, 1993), p. 229.

20M. G. Levin and L. P. Potapov (eds.), Narody Sibiri (Moscow, 1956), p. 140; Lincoln, The Conquest of a Continent, p. 149; Hartley, Siberia, pp. 24–5.

21Stephen D. Watrous (ed.), John Ledyard’s Journey through Russia and Siberia, 1787–1788 (Madison, WI, 1966), pp. 77–8, 152; Edward G. Gray, The Making of John Ledyard: Empire and Ambition in the Life of an Early American Traveler (New Haven, 2007), chs. 8–9.

22V. K. Andreevich, Istoricheskii ocherk Sibiri, 6 vols. (St. Petersburg, 1889), vol. 5, pp. 159–69; Lincoln, The Conquest of a Continent, p. 142.

23Robert Hughes, The Fatal Shore: A History of the Transportation of Convicts to Australia, 1787–1868 (London, 1986), p. xi.

24David Moon, ‘Peasant Migration and the Settlement of Russia’s Frontiers, 1550–1897’, The Historical Journal, vol. 40, no. 4 (1997), p. 863; L. G. Beskrovnyi (ed.), Opisanie Tobol’skogo namestichestva, sostavlennoe v 1789–1790 gg. (Novosibirsk, 1982), pp. 246–51.

25John Dundas Cochrane, Narrative of a Pedestrian Journey Through Russia and Siberian Tartary, from the Frontiers of China to the Frozen Sea of Kamchatka; Performed During the Years 1820, 1821, 1822 and 1823 (Philadelphia, 1824), p. 86.

26Hartley, Siberia, pp. 24–5; Aziatskaia Rossiia, vol. 2, pp. 501–3; Lincoln, The Conquest of a Continent, pp. 147–9; Cochrane, Narrative of a Pedestrian Journey, pp. 133–4.

27L. M. Dameshek and A. V. Remnev (eds.), Sibir’ v sostave Rossiiskoi Imperii (Moscow, 2007), appendix 2; Hartley, Siberia, pp. 55–69.

28N. M. Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina v tiur’me i ssylke (St. Petersburg, 1872), pp. 508–9; Adele Lindenmeyr, Poverty Is Not a Vice: Charity, Society, and the State in Imperial Russia (Princeton, 1996), ch. 2; Wood, ‘Siberian Exile in the Eighteenth Century’, p. 54; Alison K. Smith, ‘“The Freedom to Choose a Way of Life”: Fugitives, Borders, and Imperial Amnesties in Russia’, The Journal of Modern History, vol. 83 (June 2011), pp. 243–71; RGIA, f. 1374, op. 6, d. 1366 (1800), ll. 1–19.

29Paul Avrich, Russian Rebels, 1600–1800 (New York, 1972), parts 3–4; Isabel de Madariaga, Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great (New Haven, 1981), ch. 16; Gentes, Exile to Siberia, pp. 111–14.

30E. N. Anuchin, Issledovaniia o protsente soslannykh v Sibir’ v period 1827–1846 godov. Materialy dlia ugolovnoi statistiki Rossii (St. Petersburg, 1873), pp. 309–10; Gentes, Exile, Murder and Madness, pp. 22, 26–34; idem, ‘Vagabondage and the Tsarist Siberian Exile System: Power and Resistance in the Penal Landscape’, Central Asian Survey, vol. 30, nos. 3–4 (2011), pp. 407–21.

31Gentes, Exile to Siberia, pp. 115–16; Laura Engelstein, Castration and the Heavenly Kingdom: A Russian Folktale (Ithaca, 1999).

32Madariaga, Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great, pp. 542–5; Wood, ‘Siberian Exile in the Eighteen