14 严峻的考验

2 (Summer 2007), pp. 230–56.

43Wood, ‘Siberian Exile in the Eighteenth Century’, p. 59; Aziatskaia Rossiia, vol. 1, p. 81; Ssylka v Sibir’, appendix 4; Dameshek and Remnev (eds.), Sibir’, p. 279.

44Ssylka v Sibir’, appendix 1; A. D. Margolis, ‘Chislennost’ i razmeshchenie ssyl’nykh v Sibiri v kontse XIX veka’, in idem, Tiur’ma i ssylka v imperatorskoi Rossii. Issledovaniia i arkhivnye nakhodki (Moscow, 1995), p. 41; Andrew A. Gentes, ‘Towards a Demography of Children in the Tsarist Siberian Exile System’, Sibirica, vol. 5, no. 1 (Spring 2006), p. 1; Frank, Crime, Cultural Conflict, and Justice, ch. 2.



2 界　标


1Petr Kropotkin, In Russian and French Prisons (London, 1887), pp. 124–5.

2George Kennan, Siberia and the Exile System, 2 vols. (New York, 1891), vol. 1, pp. 52–4.

3I. P. Belokonskii [Petrovich], Po tiur’mam i etapam. Ocherki tiuremnoi zhizni i putevye zametki ot Moskvy do Krasnoiarska (Oryol, 1887), pp. 107–8.

4Cited in Andrew A. Gentes, Exile to Siberia, 1590–1822 (Basingstoke, 2008), p. 48.

5Robert Hughes, The Fatal Shore: A History of the Transportation of Convicts to Australia, 1787–1868 (London, 1986), p. 145; Gwenda Morgan and Peter Rushton, Banishment in the Early Atlantic World: Convicts, Rebels and Slaves (London, 2013), ch. 6. 关于把刑罚殖民者放逐到法属圭亚那，参见 Stephen A. Toth, Beyond Papillon: The French Overseas Penal Colonies, 1854–1952 (Lincoln, NE, 2006); Michel Pierre, La terre de la grande punition (Paris, 1982)。

6Hughes, The Fatal Shore, pp. 129–57; J. McDonald and R. Shlomowitz, ‘Mortality on Convict Voyages to Australia, 1788–1868’, Social Science History, vol. 13, no. 3 (1989), pp. 285–313; James J. Willis, ‘Transportation versus Imprisonment in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Britain: Penal Power, Liberty, and the State’, Law and Society Review, vol. 39, no. 1 (2005), pp. 171–210; Hamish Maxwell-Stewart, ‘Convict Transportation from Britain and Ireland, 1615–1870’, History Compass, vol. 8, no. 11 (2010), pp. 1221–42.

7Anton Chekhov, Sakhalin Island, trans. Brian Reeve (Richmond, 2007), p. 26; N. Rumiantsev, Istoricheskii ocherk peresylki arestantov v Rossii (St. Petersburg, 1876), p. 10; William L. L. D. Spottiswoode, A Tarantasse Journey through Eastern Russia in the Autumn of 1856 (London, 1857), p. 37.

8Gryts’ko [G. Z. Eliseev], ‘Ugolovnye prestupniki’, Sovremennik, 1860, vol. 74, p. 286; A. A. Vlasenko, ‘Ugolovnaia ssylka v Zapadnuiu Sibir’ v politike samoderzhaviia XIX veka’, Kandidatskaia diss. (Omsk State University, 2008), pp. 63, 69.

9‘Rasskazy Praskov’i Egorovny Annenkovoi’, Russkaia starina, 1888, no. 4, p. 3.

10RGIA, f. 383, op. 29, d. 924 (1806), ll. 27, 29; G. Peizen, ‘Istoricheskii ocherk kolonizatsii Sibiri’, Sovremennik, 1859, no. 9, pp. 29–30; RGIA, f. 383, op. 29, d. 953 (1818), ll. 2, 24.

11RGIA, f. 468, op. 20, d. 273 (1787), ll. 2, 8, 22; RG