14 严峻的考验

, d. 7654 (1889), ll. 2–4.

20RGIA, f. 1652, op. 1, d. 197 (1877), l. 2.

21RGIA, f. 1149, op. 9, d. 3 (1877), ll. 752–752 ob.

22RGIA, f. 468, op. 39, d. 105 (1857), ll. 25–6 ob; RGIA, f. 1149, op. 9, d. 3 (1877), ll. 749–51; Stephen G. Marks, ‘Conquering the Great East: Kulomzin, Peasant Resettlement, and the Creation of Modern Siberia’, in Stephen Kotkin and David Wolff (eds.), Rediscovering Russia in Asia: Siberia and the Russian Far East (New York, 1995), pp. 23–39; Donald W. Treadgold, The Great Siberian Migration: Government and Peasant in Resettlement from Emancipation to the First World War (Princeton, 1957), pp. 67–106.

23RGIA, f. 1263, op. 1, d. 4236 (1882), ll. 462–4; RGIA, f. 1149, op. 9, d. 3 (1877), ll. 337–8, 753–4; RGIA, f. 560, op. 22, d. 121 (1882), l. 175.

24A. P. Gorkin, Geografiia Rossii (Moscow, 1998), pp. 515–16.

25Andrew A. Gentes, ‘The Institution of Russia’s Sakhalin Policy, from 1868 to 1875’, Journal of Asian History, vol. 36, no. 2 (2002), p. 1; idem, ‘No Kind of Liberal: Alexander II and the Sakhalin Penal Colony’, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, vol. 54, no. 3 (2006), pp. 328–43.

26Bruce F. Adams, The Politics of Punishment: Prison Reform in Russia, 1863–1917 (DeKalb, IL, 1996), ch. 4; RGIA, f. 1149, op. 9, d. 3 (1877), ll. 751–7; Gentes, ‘No Kind of Liberal’, p. 340; Gentes, ‘The Institution of Russia’s Sakhalin Policy’, pp. 5–6.

27RGIA, f. 560, op. 22, d. 121 (1881), l. 176; Gentes, ‘The Institution of Russia’s Sakhalin Policy’, pp. 4–6.

28Konstantin Korablin, ‘Katorga na Sakhaline kak opyt prinuditel’noi kolonizatsii’, Vestnik DVO RAN, 2005, no. 2, p. 75; GATOvgT, f. 152, op. 35, d. 362 (1885), ll. 1–1 ob; Vlas M. Doroshevich, Sakhalin, 2 parts (Moscow, 1903), part 1, p. 3; Otchet po Glavnomu Tiuremnomu Upravleniiu za 1889 (St. Petersburg, 1891), p. 153; A. A. Plotnikov, ‘Etapirovanie ssylnokatorzhnykh na ostrov Sakhalin vo vtoroi polovine XIX v.’, in Sibirskaia ssylka (Irkutsk, 2011), no. 6 (18), pp. 125–6.

29F. Avgustinovich, Zametki ob ostrove Sakhaline (St. Petersburg, 1880); Gentes, ‘The Institution of Russia’s Sakhalin Policy’, pp. 26, 28; D. A. Dril’, Ssylka i katorga v Rossii (Iz lichnykh nabliudenii vo vremia poezdki v Priamurskii krai i Sibir’) (St. Petersburg, 1898), pp. 30–31; A. P. Salomon, ‘O Sakhaline’, Tiuremnyi vestnik, 1901, no. 1, p. 21.

30Anton Chekhov, A Life in Letters, trans. and ed. Rosamund Bartlett (London, 2004), p. 225.

31Ibid., pp. 204–5.

32Ibid., p. 248; A. P. Chekhov, ‘Ostrov Sakhalin’, Russkaia mysl’, 1893, no. 10, pp. 1–33; no. 11, pp. 149–70; no. 12, pp. 77–114; 1894, no. 2, pp. 26–60; no. 3, pp. 1–28; no. 5, pp. 1–30; no. 6, pp. 1–27; no. 7, pp. 1–30.

33Gentes, ‘Sakhalin’s Women’, p. 129; Doroshevich, Kak ia popal na Sakhalin, p. 5.

34RGIA, f. 1374, op. 6, d. 1366 (1800), ll. 1–19; L. V. Poddubskii, ‘Sakhalinskie