14 严峻的考验

168; Doroshevich, Sakhalin, part 1, p. 316; Dril’, Ssylka i katorga v Rossii, p. 35.

51N. M. Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina v tiur’me i ssylke (St. Petersburg, 1872), pp. 76–86; 424; Krasnov, ‘Na ostrove izgnaniia’, p. 169.

52Chekhov, Sakhalin Island, p. 235.

53Salomon, ‘O Sakhaline’, pp. 68–9.

54Chekhov, Sakhalin Island, pp. 71, 126.

55Ibid., p. 127.

56Krasnov, ‘Na ostrove izgnaniia’, p. 168; Salomon, ‘O Sakhaline’, p. 77.

57Vlasov, Kratkii ocherk neustroistv, pp. 29–30.

58Ibid., p. 53; Doroshevich, Sakhalin, part 1, p. 98.

59Chekhov, Sakhalin Island, p. 236; Poddubskii, ‘Sakhalinskie deti’, p. 2357; Dril’, Ssylka i katorga v Rossii, pp. 31–2.

60GARF, f. 122, 3 dp., op. 5, d. 641 (1880), l. 2 ob.

61Novombergskii, Ostrov Sakhalin, pp. 31–2; Poddubskii, ‘Sakhalinskie deti’, p. 2350.

62Vlasov, Kratkii ocherk neustroistv, pp. 33, 36; Charles Henry Hawes, In the Uttermost East; Being an Account of Investigations Among the Natives and Russian Convicts of the Island of Sakhalin, with Notes on Travel in Korea, Siberia, and Manchuria (London, 1904), p. 145; Novombergskii, Ostrov Sakhalin, p. 31; Dril’, Ssylka i katorga v Rossii, p. 35.

63Chekhov, A Life in Letters, p. 261 [translation modified].

64Hawes, In the Uttermost East, p. 145; Novombergskii, Ostrov Sakhalin, p. 95; Dril’, Ssylka i katorga v Rossii, pp. 34–5.

65Dril’, Ssylka i katorga v Rossii, p. 35; Lobas, Katorga i poselenie, pp. 150–51; A. A. Vlasenko, ‘Ugolovnaia ssylka v Zapadnuiu Sibir’’, p. 174; V. G. Korolenko, ‘Fedor Bespriiutnyi’, in idem, Sobranie sochinenii v desiati tomakh, 10 vols. (Moscow, 1953–6), vol. 1, pp. 176–220.

66B. Savrimovich, K voprosu po ustroistvu ssyl’nykh na o. Sakhalin (1896), no. 4721, p. 9; RGIA, f. 892, op. 3, d. 54 (1915), l. 1.

67M. N. Galkin-Vraskoi, ‘Poezdka v Sibir’ i na ostrov Sakhalin’, Russkaia starina, 1901, no. 1, pp. 163–4; Chekhov, Sakhalin Island, p. 63. 普里阿穆尔斯克（包括阿穆尔地区、外贝加尔和萨哈林）总督的职务在1884年设立。

68Poddubskii, ‘Sakhalinskie deti’, p. 2353; Chekhov, Sakhalin Island, p. 245.

69Salomon, ‘O Sakhaline’, pp. 75–7; Dril’, Ssylka i katorga v Rossii, pp. 16–19; Lobas, Katorga i poselenie, pp. 118–21; Chekhov, Sakhalin Island, p. 126; Doroshevich, Sakhalin, part 1, p. 91.

70Dril’, Ssylka i katorga v Rossii, p. 10; Korablin, ‘Katorga na Sakhaline’, pp. 79–80; Lobas, Ostrov Sakhalin, pp. 42–3.

71Chekhov, A Life in Letters, p. 252; V. M. Latyshev, ‘Sakhalin posle A. P. Chekhova (Reviziia Sakhalinskoi katorgi generalom N. I. Grodekovym v 1894)’, Vestnik Sakhalinskogo Muzeia, 2000, no. 7, pp. 157–62; Andrew A. Gentes, ‘Sakhalin as Cause Célèbre: The Re-signification of Tsarist Russia’s Penal Colony’, Acta Slavica Iaponica, vol. 32, 2012, pp. 55–72; Sharyl M. Corrado, ‘The “End of the Earth”: Sakhalin Island in the Russian Imperial Imaginatio