14 严峻的考验

ostoevsky: The Years of Ordeal, 1850–1859 (Princeton, 1983), p. 78.

14Shimon Tokarzhevskii, ‘Sem’ let katorgi’ (1907), in idem, Sibirskoe likholeti’e (Kemerovo, 2007), p. 173.

15V. A. D’iakov, ‘Katorzhnye gody F. M. Dostoevskogo’, in L. M. Goriushkin (ed.), Politicheskaia ssylka v Sibiri XIX–nachalo XX v. (Novosibirsk, 1987), p. 201; K. Nikolaevskii, ‘Tovarishchi F. M. Dostoevskogo po katorge’, Istoricheskii vestnik, January 1901, pp. 220–21; Tokarzhevskii, ‘Sem’ let katorgi’, pp. 177–8.

16Tokarzhevskii, ‘Sem’ let katorgi’, pp. 173–4.

17Chekhov, Sakhalin Island, p. 294.

18N. M. Iadrintsev, Sibir’ kak koloniia v geograficheskom, etnograficheskom i istoricheskom otnoshenii (St. Petersburg, 1882), p. 207; Vasilii Vlasov, Kratkii ocherk neustroistv sushchestvuiushchikh na katorge (St. Petersburg, 1873), p. 9.

19Tokarzhevskii, ‘Sem’ let katorgi’, p. 172; Chekhov, Sakhalin Island, p. 278; Vlasov, Kratkii ocherk neustroistv, p. 23.

20RGIA, f. 1286, op. 5, d. 508 (1832), ll. 1–2; GARF, f. 122, 3 dp., op. 5, d. 837 (1881), ll. 7–8.

21Doroshevich, Sakhalin, part 1, p. 168; RGIA, f. 1341, op. 65, d. 565 (1847), ll. 13–14, 18.

22Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina, pp. 101–102.

23Doroshevich, Sakhalin, part 1, pp. 251–3.

24V. Ia. Kokosov, Rasskazy o kariiskoi katorge (iz vospominanii vracha) (St. Petersburg, 1907), pp. 107–12.

25Ibid., p. 193.

26Dostoevsky, The House of the Dead, pp. 248, 250–51.

27Ibid., pp. 81, 227.

28I. V. Efimov, Iz zhizni katorzhnykh Ilginskogo i Aleksandrovskogo togda kazennykh, vinokurennykh zavodov, 1848–1853 gg. (St. Petersburg, 1899), pp. 35–7.

29Doroshevich, Sakhalin, part 2, p. 57; part 1, p. 271.

30Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina, p. 371; Lev Deich, Sixteen Years in Siberia, trans. Helen Chisholm (London, 1903), pp. 177–8; Doroshevich, Sakhalin, part 1, p. 275.

31V. Moskvich, ‘Pogibshie i pogibaiushchie. Otbrosy Rossii na sibirskoi pochve’, Russkoe bogatstvo, 1895, no. 7, p. 53; Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina, p. 440; D. A. Dril’, Ssylka i katorga v Rossii (Iz lichnykh nabliudenii vo vremia poezdki v Priamurskii krai i Sibir’) (St. Petersburg, 1898), pp. 237–8; Chekhov, Sakhalin Island, p. 289.

32Ob otmene tiazhkikh telesnykh nakazanii za prestupleniia sovershaemye ssyl’nymi (St. Petersburg, 1867), p. 8.

33Schrader, Languages of the Lash, p. 156.

34Tokarzhevskii, ‘Sem’ let katorgi’, p. 172; Schrader, Languages of the Lash, p. 157.

35L. Mel’shin [P. F. Iakubovich], ‘Russkaia katorga pered sudom kafedral’noi nauki’, Russkoe bogatstvo, 1900, no. 7, part 2, pp. 1–19; I. Ia. Foinitskii, ‘Ssylka ili tiur’ma?’, Iuridicheskii vestnik, 1881, no. 4, pp. 386–98; I. Ia. Foinitskii, Uchenie o nakazanii v sviazi s tiur’movedeniem (St. Petersburg, 1889), pp. 155–62; Daniel Beer, Renovating Russia: The Human Scie