14 严峻的考验

nces and the Fate of Liberal Modernity, 1880–1930 (Ithaca, 2008), ch. 3; Adams, The Politics of Punishment.

36N. Lobas, ‘K voprosu o telesnykh nakazaniiakh’, Vrach, 27 June 1898, no. 26, pp. 760–63; Dr Lobas, ‘Flogging in Siberia’, Current Literature, vol. 24, no. 6 (December 1898), pp. 553–4; ‘The Knout at Sakhalin’, The New York Times, 29 May 1898, p. 23.

37V. N. Gartevel’d, Katorga i brodiagi Sibiri (Moscow, 1912), p. 56.

38Kokosov, Rasskazy o kariiskoi katorge, pp. 18–19.

39Ibid., pp. 24–9.

40RGIA, f. 1286, op. 8, d. 1086 (1843), l. 19 ob; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 10, d. 1154 (1847), ll. 3–3 ob, 6–6 ob.

41S. V. Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga, 3rd edn (St. Petersburg, 1900), pp. 90–92; RGIA, f. 1265, op. 1, d. 206 (1852), l. 122 ob.

42Efimov, V zhizni katorzhnykh, p. 29; Maksimov, Sibir’ i katorga, p. 91; Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina, pp. 40–44.

43Chekhov, Sakhalin Island, p. 124; George Kennan, Siberia and the Exile System, 2 vols. (New York, 1891), vol. 2, p. 207.

44N. Ia. Novombergskii, Ostrov Sakhalin (St. Petersburg, 1903), p. 247.

45Vlasov, Kratkii ocherk neustroistv, p. 54; I. P. Belokonskii [Petrovich], Po tiur’mam i etapam: Ocherki tiuremnoi zhizni i putevye zametki ot Moskvy do Krasnoiarska (Oryol, 1887), pp. 66–7; Iadrintsev, Russkaia obshchina, pp. 172–3; Dril’, Ssylka i katorga v Rossii, p. 28; A. N. Krasnov, ‘Na ostrove izgnaniia’, Knizhka nedeli, 1893, no. 8, p. 161.

46Doroshevich, Sakhalin, part 2, p. 56; M. Finnov, ‘“Mrachnoe Onorskoe delo”: Po stranitsam knigi A. P. Chekhova “Ostrov Sakhalin” ’, in Ostrov Chekhova: Ot Melikhova do Sakhalina: liudi, sud’by, vstrechi (Moscow, 1990), pp. 227–55.

47N. S. Lobas, ‘K istorii russkoi shtrafnoi kolonii. 1. Sudebnaia ekspertiza na ostrove (Iz pamiatnoi knizhki byvshego sakhalinskogo vracha)’, Vrachebnaia gazeta, 1904, no. 42, pp. 1199–202.

48Lobas, ‘K istorii russkoi shtrafnoi kolonii’, Vrachebnaia gazeta, 1904, no. 43, pp. 1238–42; Lobas, Katorga i poselenie, pp. 54–63.

49Doroshevich, Sakhalin, part 2, pp. 54–67.

50V. M. Latyshev, ‘Sakhalin posle A. P. Chekhova (Reviziia Sakhalinskoi katorgi generalom N. I. Grodekovym v 1894)’, Vestnik Sakhalinskogo Muzeia, 2000, no. 7, pp. 157–62; Sharyl M. Corrado, ‘The “End of the Earth”: Sakhalin Island in the Russian Imperial Imagination’, Ph.D. dissertation (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2010), p. 116; Krasnov, ‘Na ostrove izgnaniia’, p. 161; Vladivostok, 15 August 1893, p. 7; 21 November 1893, p. 10; Chekhov, Sakhalin Island, p. 281; Evening Standard, 10 February 1894.

51The New York Times, 10 February 1894, p. 5 [spelling modified].



12 “失败者要倒霉了！”


1V. N. Shaganov, Nikolai Chernyshevskii na katorge i v ssylke (St. Petersburg, 1907), pp. 1–3; Mikhail Gernet, Istoriia tsarskoi tiur’my, 5 vols. (Moscow, 1951–6), vol. 2, pp. 277–81