14 严峻的考验

; A. D. Margolis, ‘N. G. Chernyshevskii v doroge na katorgu’, in idem, Tiur’ma i ssylka v Imperatorskoi Rossii. Issledovaniia i arkhivnye nakhodki (Moscow, 1995), p. 95.

2Nikolai Chernyshevsky, What Is to Be Done?, trans. Michael R. Katz (Ithaca, 1989); Orlando Figes, A People’s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891–1924 (London, 1996), p. 127.

3GARF, f. 109, 3 eksp., op. 154, d. 115 (1869), ll. 21–3; RGIA, f. 1405, op. 521, d. 410 (1882), ll. 11–12, 22–32, 405–6; RGIA, f. 1405, op. 521, d. 430 (1888), ll. 1–8, 248–50.

4James Allen Rogers, ‘Darwinism, Scientism, and Nihilism’, The Russian Review, vol. 19, no. 1 (1960), pp. 10–23; Philip Pomper, The Russian Revolutionary Intelligentsia (Arlington Heights, IL, 1970); James H. Billington, Fire in the Minds of Men: Origins of the Revolutionary Faith (New York, 1980), ch. 14.

5Franco Venturi, Roots of Revolution: A History of the Populist and Socialist Movements in Nineteenth-Century Russia, trans. Francis Haskell (London, 1972), ch. 18; Daniel Field, ‘Peasants and Propagandists in the Russian Movement to the People of 1874’, The Journal of Modern History, vol. 59, no. 3 (1987), pp. 415–38.

6K. P. Pobedonostsev, ‘Bolezni nashego vremeni’, in idem, Moskovskii sbornik (Moscow, 1896), p. 125; Daniel Beer, Renovating Russia: The Human Sciences and the Fate of Liberal Modernity, 1880–1930 (Ithaca, 2008), pp. 12–13.

7Margolis, ‘N. G. Chernyshevskii’, p. 98; GAIO, f. 24, op. 3, k. 45, d. 160 (1866), ll. 1–3; L. M. Goriushkin (ed.), Politicheskaia ssylka v Sibiri. Nerchinskaia katorga, vol. 1, no. 2 (Novosibirsk, 1993), p. 176; E. A. Skripilev, ‘N. G. Chernyshevskii na Nerchinskoi katorge’, Politicheskie ssyl’nye v Sibiri (XVIII–nachalo XX v.) (Novosibirsk, 1983), pp. 80–82.

8GARF, f. 102, 3 dp., op. 77, d. 1143 (1881), l. 6.

9Jonathan W. Daly, Autocracy Under Siege: Security Police and Opposition in Russia, 1866–1905 (DeKalb, IL, 1998), p. 23; Jay Bergman, Vera Zasulich: A Biography (Stanford, 1983); Jonathan W. Daly, ‘On the Significance of Emergency Legislation in Late Imperial Russia’, Slavic Review, vol. 54, no. 3 (Autumn 1995), p. 608.

10Daly, Autocracy Under Siege, ch. 3; John D. Klier, Russians, Jews and the Pogroms of 1881–1882 (Cambridge, 2011).

11V. I. Lenin, ‘Tri zaprosa’ (December 1911), Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, 5th edn, 55 vols. (Moscow, 1958–65), vol. 21, p. 114.

12George Kennan, Siberia and the Exile System, 2 vols. (New York, 1891), vol. 1, pp. 242–3.

13Daly, Autocracy Under Siege, ch. 3.

14Daly, ‘Emergency Legislation’, p. 615; Ssylka v Sibir’. Ocherk ee istorii i sovremennogo polozheniia (St. Petersburg, 1900), appendix 4, p. 18; RGIA, f. 1405, op. 521, d. 410 (1882), ll. 11–12, 22–32, 405–6; M. Borodin, ‘Mertvaia petlia’, Otechestvennye zapiski, 1880, no. 7, pt. 2, pp. 40–63; Kennan, Siberia and the Exile System, vol. 1, p. 246; Lev Deich, Sixtee