14 严峻的考验

n Years in Siberia, trans. Helen Chisholm (London, 1903), p. 188.

15N. Gekker, ‘Politicheskaia katorga na Kare’, Byloe, 1906, no. 9, p. 72; D. M. Nechiporuk, ‘Zagranichnaia agitatsiia russkikh revoliutsionerov v organizatsii pobegov iz Sibiri v Ameriku v nachale 1890-kh godov’, Istoricheskii ezhegodnik, 2009, pp. 57–72; GAIO, f. 24, op. 3, k. 2643, d. 82 (1881), ll. 21–21 ob.

16RGIA, f. 1284, op. 241, d. 42 (1879), ll. 163–163 ob; GAIO, f. 24, op. 3, k. 2244, d. 810 (1880), ll. 36–7, 43; GARF, f. 102, 3 dp., op. 77, d. 1038 (1881), ll. 1–3, 11–17; GATOvgT, f. 152, op. 12, d. 95 (1888), ll. 3–9; GAIO, f. 32, op. 1, d. 417 (1887), ll. 1–1 ob.

17A. Levandovskii, Elizaveta Nikolaevna Koval’skaia (Moscow, 1928).

18GAIO, f. 32, op. 1, d. 753 (1879), ll. 7–7 ob; Elizaveta Koval’skaia, ‘Zhenskaia katorga’, in Kariiskaia tragediia (1889): Vospominaniia i materialy (Petrograd, 1920), pp. 5–6; GAIO, f. 32, op. 1, d. 1394 (1882), ll. 25–8, 60–61; GAIO, f. 32, op. 2, d. 142 (1882), ll. 1–30; Elizaveta Koval’skaia, ‘Pobeg’, Katorga i ssylka, 1929, no. 5, pp. 130–31.

19RGIA, f. 1405, op. 535, d. 158 (1884), ll. 1–9; Koval’skaia, ‘Zhenskaia katorga’, pp. 18–19; idem, ‘Pobeg’, Katorga i ssylka, 1932, no. 10, pp. 110–28.

20GARF, f. 102, 3 dp., d. 5, ch. 1 (1884), ll. 56–56 ob; GAIO, f. 32, op. 1, d. 171 (1884), ll. 89–90, 121.

21V. G. Korolenko, ‘Istoriia moego sovremmenika’, Sobranie sochinenii, 10 vols. (Moscow, 1953–6), vol. 7, pp. 197–205; RGIA, f. 1286, op. 40, d. 321 (1879), ll. 1–8; GAIO, f. 24, op. 3, k. 2643, d. 65 (1880), ll. 9–11, 30–33.

22Kennan, Siberia and the Exile System, vol. 2, pp. 24–7.

23GARF, f. 102, 5 dp., d. 7765 (1888), l. 257; Koval’skaia, ‘Zhenskaia katorga’, pp. 15–16.

24GARF, f. 102, 3 dp., d. 1012 (1892), ll. 37–41.

25Anton Chekhov, A Life in Letters, trans. and ed. Rosamund Bartlett (London, 2004), p. 241.

26Goriushkin (ed.), Politicheskaia ssylka v Sibiri, pp. 223–5; V. I. Zorkin, Vklad politicheskikh ssyl’nykh v izuchenie fol’klora Sibiri (vtoraia polovina XIX—nachalo XX v. (Novosibirsk, 1985); A. I. Arkhipov, ‘Uchastie politicheskikh ssyl’nykh v podgotovke proekta zemel’noi reformy gubernatora V. N. Skrypitsyna v Iakutskoi oblasti’, in Sibirskaia ssylka (Irkutsk, 2011), no. 6 (18), pp. 307–12.

27Bruce Grant, ‘Empire and Savagery: The Politics of Primitivism in Late Imperial Russia’, in Daniel R. Brower and Edward J. Lazzerini (eds.), Russia’s Orient: Imperial Borderlands and Peoples, 1700–1917 (Bloomington, IN, 1997), pp. 292–310; V. M. Andreev, ‘O zhurnalistskoi deiatel’nosti predshestvennikov sotsial-demokratii (ssyl’nykh narodnikov) v Sibiri v 70–80-kh gg. XIX v.’, in P. V. Zabelin (ed.), Zhurnalistika v Sibiri (Irkutsk, 1972), pp. 75–85.

28L. S. Chudnovskii, ‘Shkoly v Sibiri’, Zhurnal Ministerstva narodnogo prosveshcheniia, 1892, no. 1, pp. 1–45, 107–40; S. P. Shevtsov, ‘Kul’t