14 严峻的考验

877, no. 325, p. 3.

2Mark Bassin, ‘Inventing Siberia: Visions of the Russian East in the Early Nineteenth Century’, American Historical Review, vol. 96, no. 3 (June 1991), pp. 767, 770; Alexander Martin, Enlightened Metropolis: Constructing Imperial Moscow, 1762–1855 (Oxford, 2013).

3M. V. Lomonosov, ‘Kratkoe opisanie raznykh puteshestvii po severnym moriam i pokazanie vozmozhnogo prokhoda sibirskim okeanom v Vostochnuiu Indiiu’ (1762–3), in idem, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, 11 vols. (Moscow-Leningrad, 1950–83), vol. 6, p. 498 (cited in Bassin, ‘Inventing Siberia’, p. 770).

4Raymond H. Fisher, The Russian Fur Trade, 1550–1700 (Berkeley, 1943); W. Bruce Lincoln, The Conquest of a Continent: Siberia and the Russians (Ithaca, 1994), pp. 54–6; Bassin, ‘Inventing Siberia’, p. 771; M. M. Gedenshtrom, Otryvki o Sibiri (St. Petersburg, 1830), p. 4.

5N. B. Gersevanov, ‘Zamechaniia o torgovykh otnosheniiakh Sibiri k Rossii’, Otechestvennye zapiski, 1841, vol. 14, part 4, pp. 26, 33–34, 30; Mark Bassin, Imperial Visions: Nationalist Imagination and Geographical Expansion in the Russian Far East, 1840–1865 (Cambridge, 1999), ch. 5.

6A. V. Remnev, Samoderzhavie i Sibir’: Administrativnaia politika v pervoi polovine XIX v. (Omsk, 1995), pp. 161–97.

7RGIA, f. 1264, op. 1, d. 71 (1835), ll. 164 ob–165.

8A. A. Vlasenko, ‘Ugolovnaia ssylka v Zapadnuiu Sibir’ v politike Samoderzhaviia XIX veka’, Kandidatskaia diss. (Omsk State University, 2008), pp. 163–210; Andrew A. Gentes, Exile, Murder and Madness in Siberia, 1823–61 (Basingstoke, 2010), pp. 68–71; L. M. Dameshek and A. V. Remnev (eds.), Sibir’ v sostave Rossiiskoi Imperii (Moscow, 2007), p. 286.

9N. M. Iadrintsev, Sibir’ kak koloniia v geograficheskom, etnograficheskom i istoricheskom otnoshenii (St. Petersburg, 1882), p. 165.

10Ivan Barsukov, Graf Nikolai Nikolaevich Murav’ev-Amurskii po ego pis’mam, ofitsial’nym dokumentam, rasskazam sovremennikov i pechatnym istochnikam, 2 vols. (Moscow, 1891), vol. 1, p. 671.

11Bassin, Imperial Visions.

12Nathaniel Knight, ‘Science, Empire and Nationality: Ethnography in the Russian Geographical Society, 1845–1855’, in Jane Burbank and David L. Ransel (eds.), Imperial Russia: New Histories for the Empire (Bloomington, IN, 1998), pp. 108–41; Claudia Weiss, Wie Sibirien ‘unser’ wurde: Die Russische Geographische Gesellschaft und ihr Einfluß auf die Bilder und Vorstellungen von Sibirien im 19. Jahrhundert (Göttingen, 2007), chs. 1–2; Joseph Bradley, Voluntary Associations in Tsarist Russia: Science, Patriotism and Civil Society (Cambridge, MA, 2009), ch. 3; Mark Bassin, ‘The Russian Geographical Society, the “Amur Epoch”, and the Great Siberian Expedition 1855–1863’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, vol. 73, no. 2 (1983), pp. 240–56.

13Otchet Imperatorskogo Russkogo Geograficheskogo Obshchestva za 1850 g. (St. Petersburg, 1851),