14 严峻的考验

54A. D. Margolis, ‘Sistema sibirskoi ssylki i zakon ot 12 iiunia 1900 goda’, in idem (ed.), Tiur’ma i ssylka v imperatorskoi Rossii, p. 21; ‘Otzyvy pechati po voprosu ob otmene ssylki’, Tiuremnyi vestnik, 1899, no. 8, p. 358.

55Margolis, ‘Sistema sibirskoi ssylki’, p. 23; GARF, f. 122, 3 dp., op. 5, d. 2786a (1895), l. 17; Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi Imperii, 3rd compendium (1881–1913), 10 June 1900, no. 18777, p. 633; 12 June, no. 18839, p. 757; Margolis, ‘Chislennost’ i razmeshchenie ssyl’nykh’, pp. 31–2.

56Margolis, ‘Sistema sibirskoi ssylki’, pp. 27, 19.

57Adams, The Politics of Punishment, pp. 130–33; Stephen G. Wheatcroft, ‘The Crisis of the Late Tsarist Penal System’, in idem (ed.), Challenging Traditional Views of Russian History (Basingstoke, 2002), pp. 33–9; Margolis, ‘Sistema sibirskoi ssylki’, p. 26; Vlasenko, ‘Ugolovnaia ssylka’, pp. 178–210; B. Mironov, ‘Prestupnost’ v Rossii v XIX–nachale XX veka’, Otechestvennaia istoriia, 1998, no. 1, p. 35.



14 严峻的考验


1Iu. Steklov, ‘Vospominaniia o iakutskoi ssylke’, Katorga i ssylka, 1923, no. 6, p. 72; Volker Rabe, Der Widerspruch von Rechtsstaatlichkeit und strafender Verwaltung in Russland, 1881–1917: Motive, Handhabung und Auswirkungen der administrativen Verbannung von Revolutionären (Karlsruhe, 1985), pp. 342–3; Jonathan Daly, ‘Political Crime in Late Imperial Russia’, The Journal of Modern History, vol. 74, no. 1 (March 2002), p. 93.

2Susan K. Morrissey, Heralds of Revolution: Russian Students and the Mythologies of Radicalism (Oxford, 1998), ch. 2; Orlando Figes, A People’s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891–1924 (London, 1996), pp. 166–8.

3Theodore R. Weeks, Nation and State in Late Imperial Russia: Nationalism and Russification on the Western Frontier, 1863–1914 (DeKalb, IL, 1996), pp. 112–21; John D. Klier and Shlomo Lambroza (eds.), Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History (Cambridge, 1992); Figes, A People’s Tragedy, pp. 79–83, 139–54.

4RGIA, f. 1405, op. 535, d. 235 (1888), ll. 10–25; M. Poliakov, ‘Vospominaniia o kolymskoi ssylke’, Katorga i ssylka, 1928, nos. 8–9, pp. 158, 160.

5Poliakov, ‘Vospominaniia o kolymskoi ssylke’, p. 169 [emphasis in original].

6V. I. Lenin ‘Pis’ma’, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, 5th edn, 55 vols. (Moscow, 1958–65), vol. 55, p. 35.

7Robert Service, Lenin: A Biography (London, 2000), ch. 7; W. Bruce Lincoln, The Conquest of a Continent: Siberia and the Russians (Ithaca, 1994), ch. 27; V. N. Dvorianov, V sibirskoi dal’nei storone…(Ocherki istorii politicheskoi katorgi i ssylki. 60-e gody XVIII v.—1917 g.) (Minsk, 1985), ch. 4.

8Lincoln, The Conquest of a Continent, p. 219; Lenin, ‘Pis’ma’, vol. 55, p. 55.

9Lincoln, The Conquest of a Continent, p. 221; Robert Service, Trotsky: A Biography (London, 2009), ch. 6; Isaac Deutscher, The Prophet Armed: Trotsky, 1879–1921 (Oxfo