P. Barnes, The Runic Inscriptions of Maeshowe (Uppsala 1994), pp. 39–41.
56Njal’s Saga, chapter 26, and Michael Barnes, The Runic Inscriptions of Maeshowe, p. 39.
57Spurkland, Norwegian Runes and Runic Inscriptions, pp. 172–173.
58见第6章。
59Wahlgren, The Kensington Runestone, p. 129.
60《诗文埃达》最重要的现存抄本是《王室诗集》(Codex Regius),大约在1270年完成,但基本可以肯定是此前更早手稿的抄本。《王室诗集》在丹麦存放了几个世纪,最终在1971年归还冰岛。见第4章。
61Voluspá, stanza 17. 阿斯克源自古北欧语的“梣树”,但恩布拉的来源则尚未确定。
62还有更详细的分法,华纳神族有自己的领地华纳海姆,巨人居住在约顿海姆,矮人居住在斯瓦塔尔夫海姆(“暗精灵之乡”),以及最下方的海尔,即冥界。
63某种意义上,“诺恩”与希腊的命运三女神极为相似。然而尽管它也有三位女神(乌尔斯、威尔桑蒂和斯库尔德),她们却并非各司其职地分别管理过去、现在和未来(也不会测量与剪裁他人命运的丝线)。事实上,一些记载声称在守护世界树的三位诺恩女神之外,还有许多别的诺恩女神,当一个人出生时她会前去拜访。
64见本章上文。
65H.R. Ellis-Davison, Pagan Scandinavia (London 1967), pp. 132–135.
66Christopher Abram, Myths of the Pagan North: The Gods of the Norsemen (London 2011), pp. 61–63.
67Abram, Myths of the Pagan North, p. 70, and Anne-Sofie Grälund,‘The Material culture of the Old Norse religion’ in The Viking World (edited by Stefan Brink), pp. 291–293.
68那里的“戈狄”兼具神职人员与政治领袖的角色(见第4章)。
69见于《埃里人萨迦》(The saga of the people of Eyri),其中记载了斯诺里戈狄和阿恩凯尔戈狄这两个冰岛主要的祭司-贵族家族之间的世仇。
70Stephen A. Mitchell, Witchcraft and Magic in the Nordic Middle Ages (Philadelphia 2011), p. 21.
71The Borgarthing Law of the Codex Tunsbergensis . . . Diplomatic edition, with an introduction on the paleography and the orthography (edited by George T. Flom, Urbana 1925).
72Grettir’s Saga, chapters 18–19(Kar the Old), 32–5(Glam)(translated by George Ainslie Hight, London 1914).
73Richard Frye, Ibn Fadlan’s Journey to Russia: A Tenth-Century Traveler from Baghdad to the Volga River (Princeton 2005), pp. 66–67.
74Frye, Ibn Fadlan’s Journey to Russia, pp. 67–70.
75P. Sawyer, The Age of the Vikings (London 1971), pp. 75–77.
76Thorleif Sjøold, The Viking Ships in Oslo,,(Oslo 1985), p. 54.
77见本章上文。
78‘The Oseberg Ship Burial, Norway: New Thoughts On the Skeletons From the Grave Mound’ by Per Holck, in European Journal of Archaeology, vol. 9, nos 2–3(August 2006), pp. 285–310.
79‘The“Buddha Bucket” from the Oseberg Find’ by Margaret MacNamidhe in The Irish Arts Review,(1989), pp. 77–82.
80Encomium Emmae Reginae, edited by Alistair Campbell, with a supplemen-tary introduction by Simon Keynes(Cambridge 1998), book 2, chapter 5, p. 21.
81See Peder Lamm, Stones, Ships and Symbols: The Picture Stones of Gotland from the Viking Age and Before (Visby 1978), pp. 13–16.
82Snorri Sturluson, Heimskringla (translated by Erling Monsen, Cambridge 1932), pp. 181–182.
83见第8章。
84船的编号可能会引发混淆,尽管在斯库勒莱乌发现了五艘船的残骸,船的编号却有6号。这是因为最初复原时考古学家把本属于一艘船体的残骸分为了1号船和2号船,如今两者已经被合为一体,成为斯库勒莱乌2/4号船,或者直接称为斯库勒莱乌2号船。斯库勒莱乌6号船是一艘小型渔船。
85然而对格陵兰的经济来说很不幸,因为这些运输经常不能完成。见第5章。
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