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r />48Historia Norwegiae I.12(edited by Inger Ekrem & Lars Boje Mortensen, translated by Peter Fisher, Copenhagen 2003).
49Gad, History of Greenland, vol. 1, p. 150, and Kirsten Seaver, The Frozen Echo: Greenland and the Exploration of North America ca. a.d. 1000–1500 (Stanford 1996), pp. 148–150.
50T.H. McGovern‘Cows, Harps Seals and Churchbells: Adaptation and Extinction in Norse Greenland’ in Human Ecology, 89(1980), pp. 245–275.
51Joel Berglund,‘The Decline of the Norse Settlements in Greenland’ in Arctic Anthropology, vol. 23, no 1/ 2(1986), pp. 109–135.
52Berglund,‘The Decline of the Norse Settlements in Greenland’, pp. 109–135.
53McGovern,‘Cows, Harps Seals and Churchbells’, pp. 245–275.
54Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga (edited by Fitzhugh & Ward), p. 336.
55Paul Nølund, Viking Settlers in Greenland, p. 132.挪威人的单位“腕尺”(alen)大约有63.5厘米。
56See Seaver, The Frozen Echo, pp. 230–231.
57G. Scott et al.,‘Dental conditions of medieval Norsemen in the North Atlantic’, Acta Archaeologica, 62(1992), pp. 183–207.
58Gad, History of Greenland, vol. 1, p. 156.
59Gad, History of Greenland, vol. 1, p. 158.
60见第6章。克尔斯滕·西维尔在《最后的维京人》中提出,英格兰的商人劝说格陵兰东定居点的北欧居民冒险前往北美发展殖民地,他们因此进行了大规模迁徙。殖民地因为某种原因未能建立,幸存者究竟是死亡还是迁居别处则不得而知。J. R. 恩特莱恩在《维京的美洲》(New York 1972)中认为,余下的北欧居民穿过加拿大极地地区和北美内陆向南移动,与因纽特人和其他北美原住民融合了(尽管在北达科他地区的原住民曼丹人那里发现了许多有如尼文字的物品,但这些不是无法证实,就是已被证伪,而重要的证据——1738年的韦伦德莱耶如尼石——则已遗失)。
61Fridtjof Nansen, In Northern Mists: Arctic Exploration in Early Times (trans-lated by Arthur G. C. Chater), vol. 2(London 1911), pp. 101–103.
62‘mtDNA variation in Inuit populations of Greenland and Canada: Migration history and population structure’by Agnar Helgason & Gisli Pálsson et al., American Journal of Physical Anthropologists, vol. 130, issue 1(May 2006)pp. 123–134. 研究也显示苏勒人或许是和残留在格陵兰和加拿大的多塞特人通婚融合了,而不是将他们完全取代。
63Seaver, Maps, Myths and Men, p. 84.
64Gad, History of Greenland, vol. 1, p. 180.
65弗罗比舍带着这个人和他的妻儿返回了布里斯托尔。这个不幸的因纽特人名叫卡里科赫(Calichough)或者科里康(Collichang),在英格兰被当作“卡塞”土著展览,被迫展示皮艇制造技术,在人们面前用标枪捕鸟。仅仅一个月之后他就因被俘虏时肋部的伤口恶化,并发肺炎而去世。他的妻子也在不久之后死去。而襁褓之中的孩子被带到了伦敦,却也没能存活多久,死后葬在了在圣奥拉夫教堂。
66Finn Gad, History of Greenland, vol. II(London 1973), pp. 45–51.
67有关这类航行,见Kirsten Seaver, The Last Vikings, pp. 199–201.
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